We’ve
all heard about one behavioral or scientific effect or another, but
perhaps we’re not sure we’re getting the name right, or even that we
mean the one we think we do when we name it. Here are the labels of the
most ubiquitous of effects and the thesis or the scientific principle
underlying each one.
1. Bambi effect: Animals widely perceived as
visually appealing will be given more consideration or sympathy than
those deemed less attractive. (A rare additional connotation refers to
homosexual men who engage in heterosexual behavior.)
2. Butterfly effect: A seemingly inconsequential event or incident can have momentous consequences.
3. Domino effect: Each in a series of events or incidents causes the subsequent phenomena.
4. Doppler effect: A wave’s frequency changes in relation to the relative position of the source or the observer.
5. Greenhouse effect: Heat emanating from a
planetary surface will be absorbed and redistributed by atmospheric
gases back to the surface or into the atmosphere, resulting in an
increase in temperature.
6. Halo effect: The more attractive or appealing a
person or other entity is, the more favorably they will be evaluated or
the more sympathetically they will be treated.
7. Hawthorne effect: People being observed as part
of a study will perform better or otherwise as expected simply because
they know they are being studied.
8. Hundredth-monkey effect: A thought or behavior is
widely and suddenly distributed through a group once a critical number
of members of that group are exposed to the thought or behavior. (This
theory is basically valid, but the claim of instantaneous transmission
has been discredited.)
9. Mozart effect: Listening to music composed by
Mozart temporarily improves performance on mental tasks. (This theory
has been distorted to suggest that doing so makes the listener smarter;
furthermore, additional studies have concluded that the specific
composer or music genre, or whether one listens specifically to music at
all, is irrelevant; experiencing anything one enjoys may improve
performance.)
10. Placebo effect: Patients given secretly
ineffectual or simulated treatment will perceive that their condition
has improved, or that it will improve, because they believe the
treatment has benefited or will benefit them.
11. Pygmalion effect: The more that is expected of people, the better they will perform.
12. Ripple effect: A single incident or occurrence may have consequences and ramifications beyond the scope of the original phenomenon.
13. Snowball effect: See “ripple effect.”
14. Streisand effect: Attempts to censor or conceal information lead to increased publicity.
15. Trickle-down effect: A consumer item may
initially be affordable only for the affluent, but its price will likely
decrease until people of more modest means can afford it (at which time
it often becomes less attractive to wealthier people).
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